Academic Degrees
| Ph.D. | Stanford University, 1971, Modern European History |
| M.A. | Stanford University, 1964, Modern European History |
| B.A. | University of Idaho, 1961, History |
Foreign Study
| Ph.D. | University of Paris, France 1966-1967 |
| B.A. | University of Nancy, France 1961-1962 |